Clinical Guides
Physician-reviewed clinical guides
Regulatory status, evidence level and risks of each molecule — information, not promotion.
FDA approved
Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide is a once-weekly administered medication that acts as a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. In the SURMOUNT-1 clinical trial, an average weight loss of 20.9% was reported at 72 weeks with the highest dose.
Semaglutide
Semaglutide is a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist. In the STEP-1 trial, an average weight reduction of 14.9% was reported at 68 weeks, while the SELECT trial demonstrated a 20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in non-diabetic patients with established cardiovascular disease.
Tesamorelin
Tesamorelin is a GHRH analogue that stimulates endogenous growth hormone release. In its approved indication, it has been demonstrated to significantly reduce visceral adipose tissue.
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
SS-31 is a tetrapeptide engineered to stabilize the mitochondrial electron transport chain by binding to cardiolipin on the inner membrane. It received accelerated approval for Barth syndrome, a rare genetic disorder.
In Phase 3 trials
Retatrutide
Retatrutide is an investigational once-weekly injectable molecule targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. Phase 2 trials demonstrated an average weight loss of approximately 24% at 48 weeks; Phase 3 results and regulatory approval processes are ongoing.
CagriSema
CagriSema combines the long-acting amylin analogue cagrilintide with semaglutide. In the REDEFINE 1 trial, an average weight reduction of approximately 20–23% was reported at 68 weeks.
Investigational peptides
GHK-Cu
GHK-Cu is a copper-peptide complex naturally present in human plasma that declines with age. In vitro and small clinical trials indicate it supports fibroblast activity, collagen and elastin synthesis, and wound repair.
BPC-157
BPC-157 is a 15-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from a human gastric juice protein. Animal studies show favorable outcomes in tendon, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissue healing; however, robust controlled human trials are virtually absent.
TB-500
Thymosin Beta-4 is a natural protein regulating actin dynamics within cells; TB-500 is a synthetic fragment derived from it. Animal models demonstrate findings related to wound, cardiac, and muscle repair.
KPV
KPV consists of the terminal three amino acids of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In vitro and animal models have demonstrated its effects in reducing intestinal inflammation.
MOTS-c
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA. Mouse studies have shown that it improves insulin sensitivity and physical capacity.
Semax & Selank
Semax is derived from a fragment of the ACTH hormone, while Selank is an analogue of the peptide tuftsin. In Russia, they are used post-stroke (Semax) and for anxiety (Selank); however, large controlled clinical trials meeting Western regulatory standards are lacking.